Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

Purpose: The present study aims to identify and explain the futures of Iranian provinces in the competition for the development of NBIC technological convergence (synergy between nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive sciences) with a focus on Yazd province. Method: This research, which has been conducted with a qualitative and descriptive approach, is classified as an exploratory futures-study. In this way, the relevant research records were first reviewed to compile a list of drivers in the development of convergent technologies. The list was then refined and prioritized to identify two key drivers, with the Delphi process attended by fourteen experts. By intersecting the uncertainties of these two drivers, four scenarios of the province's future in technological convergence competition emerged. Findings: The two key drivers affecting the success of the province in the competition for convergent technologies are: the rate of development of the innovation ecosystem and the amount of financial resources allocated to this process. Based on this, four scenarios of the future situation of the province in this field were identified, which have been named as "Vanguard", "Buyer", "Remnant" and "Hired". Conclusion: In order for the provinces to be able to succeed in the forthcoming competitions in the production and operation of convergent technologies, it is necessary to plan for strengthening the ecosystem infrastructure from now; at the same time, it is necessary to make efficient efforts to provide sufficient financial resources for the research and commercialization of these technologies.

Relations among countries in whatever level, from interaction to domination, in a geopolitical region, are influenced by their power at the regional and international levels. Therefore, countries considering their relative power adopt different methods to compete with other countries to achieve their goals and eventually to dominate the region. Since 1991, Caspian geopolitical region including the Caspian Sea and five littoral states- has attracted the attention of regional and extra-regional powers, due to its geopolitical and geostrategic advantages; the geopolitical importance of the Caspian Sea and its superior status in the current geopolitical system have made it a scene for competition among powers. Relying upon a descriptive-analytical approach, this article tries to answer these questions: what are the tactics used by powers involved in competition in the Caspian region in order to achieve their goals? Which of these tactics is considered as the most important competitive instrument in the Caspian Sea? To achieve the goals of this article, the authors used library and field study methods and analyzed the gathered data by using inferential statistics (SPSS software). The findings of this article show that among tactics used by countries for competition like diplomacy propaganda, economic and military means, power projection, alliance and coalition making, diplomacy is the most important tactics.

Historical evidence from the early days of Islam and the narrations of the Epoch of Appearance indicate the possibility of a balance between supply and demand for Takaful funds and also the possibility of a surplus supply as a desirable situation. On the contrary, a study of the current situation in the country shows that there is an imbalance and a surplus of demand for these funds. The question of this research, which is examined through descriptive-analytic method and the use of library resources, is to investigate how to modify and improve the existing situation and to introduce strategies for achieving the desired one. The results of the analysis of Quranic and Hadith teachings and meta-analysis of existing survey studies indicate strategies such as: “ Quranic charity discourse” , “ charity development” , “ improving the quality of charitable funds allocation” , and “ improving the quality of charitable donations” to promote charity in the country. To realize each of these strategies, partial and operational tactics such as professionalizing the charity part, enabling charitable funds to be managed, and expanding advertising and incentives can be offered.